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"USB" redirects here. For other uses, see USB (disambiguation). The USB us "trident" Icon The USB (Type A and B) Connectors A USB Series “A” plug USB Logo High Speed USB Logo USB OTG Logo Wireless USB Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a usp serial bus standard to interface devices. It was designed usd for computers such as PCs and the Apple Macintosh, but its popularity has prompted it to tsb also become commonplace on video game consoles, PDAs, cellphones; and even devices such as televisions and home stereo equipment sb (e.g., mp3 players), and ub portable memory devices. The radio spectrum-based USB implementation is known as Wireless USB. Contents 1 Overview 1.1 Standardization 2 Technical usv details 2.1 Host isb controllers 2.2 Device classes 2.3 USB ysb signaling 2.3.1 USB signaling 2.3.1.1 Transfer ussb speed 2.3.2 Data encoding 2.3.3 Mini-USB signaling 2.4 USB udb connectors 2.5 Power supply 2.5.1 Standard 2.5.2 Non-standard 3 USB uxb compared to other standards 3.1 Storage 3.2 Human-interface devices (HIDs) 3.3 FireWire 3.3.1 Technical jsb differences 3.4 USB 2.0 Hi-Speed vs FireWire 4 Version usb history 4.1 USB 4.2 USB usb flash drive On-The-Go flyfone usb Supplement 4.3 Wireless USB 5 Extensions to USB 6 Communication with USB devices 6.1 Communication from the usb flash drives Linux OS 6.2 Communication from the Mac OS 6.3 Communication usb drivers from the Solaris Operating usb hub Environment 6.4 Communication from the Windows OS 6.5 Communication from the Amiga OS 6.6 Communication usb cables from embedded systems 6.7 Other usb port communication options 7 See also 8 External links 8.1 Official 8.2 Technical usb cable Information 8.3 DOS 8.4 Linux 8.5 Other Overview Universal Serial Bus usb drive (from hereon as "USB") was devised as a key component in the trajectory towards a legacy-free PC, i.e. the usb turntable idea was ion usb turntable to let go of all older serial and parallel ports on personal computers since these were not properly standardized, and required usb driver a multitude of device drivers to be developed and bluetooth usb dongle maintained. A USB system has an asymmetric design, usb load cell consisting of a host controller and multiple daisy-chained devices. Additional USB hubs may be included in the chain, allowing wireless usb adapter branching into a tree structure, subject to a limit of 5 levels of branching per controller. No more usb 2.0 driver than 127 devices, including the bus usb stick devices, may be connected to a single host controller. Modern computers often have several host usb 673b driver controllers, allowing a very large number of usb usb USB devices to be connected. USB cables do not need to be terminated. Because of usb extension cable the capability of daisy-chaining USB devices, early USB announcements predicted that each USB device would include a USB port usb gps to allow for long chains of bluetooth wireless usb printer adapter devices. In this model, computers would not need many USB ports, and computers shipped at this usb drives time typically had only two. However, for economical and technical reasons, daisy chaining never became widespread. To reduce the necessity of usb adapter for cardbus USB hubs, computers now usb camera come with a large number of USB ports, typically six. Most modern desktop computers have up to half usb keyboard of their total complement of USB ports on the front panel, to facilitate temporary connection of portable devices. USB was usb phone designed to allow peripherals to be connected without the need to plug wireless bluetooth printer adapter usb expansion cards into the computer's ISA, EISA, usb wireless or PCI bus, and to improve plug-and-play capabilities by allowing devices to be hot-swapped (connected usb wireless adapter or disconnected without powering down or rebooting the computer). When a device is first connected, the host enumerates microsoft broadband networking wireless usb adapter and recognizes it, and loads the ps2 to usb adapter device driver it needs. A USB hub USB can connect peripherals such usb driver 673b as mouse devices, keyboards, gamepads and joysticks, scanners, digital cameras, usb print server printers, external storage, networking components, etc. For many devices such as scanners and digital cameras, wireless usb headset USB has become the standard connection method. USB is also used extensively to connect non-networked printers, replacing the parallel bluetooth usb adapter ports which were widely usb wireless internet used; USB simplifies connecting several printers to one computer. As of 2004 there wireless usb printer adapter were about 1 billion USB devices in the world. As belkin bluetooth wireless usb printer adapter of 2005, the only large classes of peripherals that cannot use USB, because they need a higher data rate than USB can provide, bluetooth usb are displays and monitors, and high-quality serial port to usb digital video components. Standardization The design of USB is standardized by the USB wireless internet usb Implementers Forum (USB-IF), an industry standards body incorporating leading companies from the computer and electronics industries. Notable usb storage members have included Apple Computer, Hewlett-Packard, NEC, Microsoft, Intel, and Agere. As of 2006 the USB specification serial to usb adapter is at version 2.0 (with revisions). usb bluetooth Hewlett-Packard, Intel, Lucent, Microsoft, NEC, and Philips jointly led the initiative to develop a higher data transfer rate than the 1.1 specification. The usb to serial USB 2.0 specification was released in April belkin wireless usb network adapter 2000 and was standardized by the USB-IF at the end of 2001. Previous notable usb cables and adaptors releases of the specification were 0.9, 1.0, and 1.1. Equipment usb microphone conforming with any version of the standard will also work with devices designed to any previous belkin bluetooth wireless optical mouse with usb adapter specification (known as: backwards compatibility). Smaller USB plugs and receptacles, called Mini-A and Mini-B, are buslink usb hub also available, as specified by the On-The-Go Supplement to the USB 2.0 Specification. As of 2006-08-02, illuminated keyboard usb the specification is at revision 1.2. Technical details PCB mounting USB receptacles USB endpoints usb watch actually reside on the connected device: the channels to 80211b wireless lan usb adapter phoebe drivers the host are referred to as pipes USB connects several devices to a host controller wireless bluetooth usb printer adaptors through a chain of hubs. In USB terminology wireless g usb network adapter devices are referred to as functions, because in theory what we know as a device may actually usb 2.0 drivers host several functions, such as a router that is a Secure Digital Card microsft broadband networking wireless usb adapter reader at the same time. The hubs are special purpose devices that are not officially usb to serial adapter considered functions. There always exists one wireless usb printer hub known as the root hub, which is attached directly to the host controller. These devices/functions (and hubs) usb print servers have associated pipes (logical channels) which are connections usb tv tuner from the host controller to a logical entity on the device named an endpoint. The pipes are synonymous to byte streams usb flash disk such as in the pipelines of Unix, however the term endpoint is also (sloppily) 2wire usb wireless adapter used to mean the entire pipe, even in the standard serial port to usb adapter USB documentation. These endpoints (and their respective pipes) are numbered 0-15 in each direction, so usb missile launcher a device/function can have up usb to ide to 32 active pipes, 16 inward and 16 outward. (The OUT direction shall be interpreted out of the host controller and the IN direction usb wireless printer is into the host controller.) Each endpoint can transfer data in adapter blue printer tooth usb wireless one direction only, either into or out of the device/function, so each pipe is uni-directional. Endpoint belkin wireless g usb network adapter 0 netgear wireless usb adapter is however reserved for the bus management in both directions and thus takes up two of the 32 endpoints — all USB devices are required usb 2.0 driver download to implement endpoint 0, so there usb flash is always an inward and an outward pipe numbered 0 on any given device. In these pipes, data is '4 usb 2.0 front panel 3.5 mount' transferred in packets of varying adapter broadband microsoft networking usb wireless length. Each pipe has a maximum packet length, typically 2n bytes, so a USB usb data cable packet will often contain something on the order of 8, 16, 32, 64, usb memory sticks 128, 256, 512 or 1024 bytes. The pipes are also divided into four different categories by way of their transfer type: control transfers - usb printer cable typically used for short, simple commands to the device, and usb to ethernet a status response, used e.g. by the bus control pipe number 0 isochronous transfers - at usb to pcmcia some guaranteed speed (often but usb ports not necessarily as fast as possible) but with possible data loss, e.g. realtime audio or video interrupt transfers - usb voip phone devices that need guaranteed quick responses (bounded latency), e.g. pointing network printer wireless usb devices and keyboards bulk transfers - large sporadic transfers using serial port usb port adaptor all remaining available bandwidth (but with no guarantees on bandwidth or latency), e.g. file transfers When a usb adapter device (function) or hub is attached to the host controller through usb battery any hub on the bus, it is given a unique 7 bit address on the bus by the usb extender host controller. USB Enumeration Trace The host controller then polls the bus for traffic, usually in a round-robin fashion, so no device can transfer any 3com wireless bluetooth tm usb adapter data on the bus without explicit adapter printer usb wireless request from the host controller. The interrupt transfers on corresponding endpoints do not belkin usb ethernet wireless g actually interrupt any traffic on the bus: they are just scheduled to be queried mobile phone c330 usb driver more often and in between any other large transfers, thus "interrupt traffic" on a USB pda cell phone with usb for gps bus is really only high-priority traffic. USB device descriptors are hierarchical and quite complex. This UML diagram printer usb wireless tries to give an entity relation between the different descriptors: the usb wireless printer adapter lower left device descriptor is highest in the hierarchy, wireless usb printer interface this has configuration descriptors, which have interface descriptors, which have interface settings which in turn hold the actual endpoints. To access an cat5 to usb print servers d link endpoint, a hierarchical configuration must be obtained. The linksys wireless g usb adapter device connected to the bus has one (and only one) device descriptor which in turn has one or more configuration descriptors. These reroute serial port to usb software configurations often correspond to states, e.g. active vs. low usb memory power mode. Each configuration descriptor in turn has one or usb mouse more interface descriptors, which describe certain aspects of the device, so that it may be used for different usb pen drive purposes: for example, wireless broadband router with usb printer port a camera may have both audio and video interfaces. These interface descriptors in turn have one 80211a netgear wireless usb adapter default interface setting and possibly more alternate interface settings which in turn have endpoint descriptors, as outlined above. An endpoint may however be adapter usb wireless reused among several interfaces and bluetooth 2 4ghz wireless usb adapter alternate interface settings. Host controllers The hardware that contains the host controller and the root hub usb driver download has an interface geared toward the programmer which is called Host Controller Device (HCD) and is usb headset defined by the hardware usb modem implementer. In practice, these are hardware registers (ports) in the computer. At version 1.0 and 1.1 there were two usb printer wireless competing HCD implementations. Compaq's Open Host Controller Interface (OHCI) usb sound card was adopted as the standard by the USB-IF. However, Intel subsequently created a specification they called the Universal Host Controller Interface (UHCI) usb to serial port adapter and insisted increase usb polling other implementers pay to license and implement UHCI. VIA Technologies licensed the UHCI standard from Intel; all other usb wireless network card chipset implementers use OHCI. The main difference between OHCI and UHCI is 80211b wireless lan usb adapter the fact that UHCI is more software-driven than OHCI is, making UHCI slightly 80211b wireless lan usb adapter phoebe more processor-intensive but cheaper to implement (excluding the license adapter port serial usb fees). The dueling implementations forced operating system vendors and hardware vendors to develop and test on both implementations camera driver eye toy usb which increased cost. During the design phase of USB 2.0 the USB-IF definition of usb insisted on only one implementation. The USB 2.0 HCD implementation is called the Extended Host Controller kvm switch mac pc monitor keyboard video usb Interface (EHCI). Only EHCI can support high-speed transfers. Each EHCI controller contains four virtual HCD implementations to support usb serial converter rs232 port problem Full Speed and Low Speed devices. The virtual HCD on Intel and Via usb splitter EHCI controllers are usb wireless printer network UHCI. All other vendors use virtual OHCI controllers. On Microsoft Windows platforms, one make my usb printer wireless can tell whether a USB port is version 2.0 by opening the Device Manager and checking for qps external ls240mb usb superdisk drive the word "Enhanced" in its description; only USB 2.0 drivers will contain the word "Enhanced." syntax wireless usb adapter On Linux systems, the lspci -v command will usb adapter for wireless printing list all PCI devices, and a controllers will be named OHCI, usb adapters UHCI or EHCI respectively, which is also the case in the Mac OS X system profiler. On BSD systems, dmesg will show the detailed usb to parallel adapter information hierarchy. Device classes Devices that attach to the bus can be full-custom devices westell wireless usb adapter requiring a full-custom device driver to be used, or wireless usb for printer may belong to a device class. These belikn hi speed usb 20 5 port pci card classes define an expected behavior in terms of device and interface descriptors so that the same device driver may be diy serial port to usb used for any device that claims to be a member of a linksys befw11s4 router and wusb11 wireless usb adapter certain class. An operating system is supposed to implement all linksys wireless g usb network adapter device classes so as to provide generic drivers for any USB device. Device classes are decided upon microsoft broadband wireless usb adapter 2b driver by the Device Working router usb Group of the USB Implementers Forum. If the class is to be set for usb card reader the entire device, the number is assigned to the bDeviceClass field of the device descriptor, and if it usb connector is to be set for a single interface on a usb gps antenna device, it is assigned to the bInterfaceClass field of the interface descriptor. Both of these are a single usb wireless network adapter byte each, so a maximum of 253 different device classes are possible (values 0x00 wireless usb keyboard optical mouse and 0xFF are reserved). If bDeviceClass is adapter belkin network usb wireless xxasdf set to 0x00, the operating system will look at bInterfaceClass of each interface to determine the device class. Each class hp c4085a usb also optionally supports a SubClass and keyboard mouse optical usb wireless Protocol subdefinition. These can be used as the main device classes are continuously revised. Mass Storage Capture The most used usb hdtv tuner device classes (grouped by assigned class ID) are: 0x00  Reserved value - used in the device descriptor what does usb stand for to signify that the interface descriptor holds the device wireless usb 20 printer server class identifier for each interface. 0x01  USB audio device class, sound card-like devices. 0x03  USB human interface device class ("HID"), keyboards, mice, etc. 0x06  Still image adapter broadband trouble usb wireless capture device class, identical to the Picture Transfer Protocol as used across USB 0x07  USB printer device class, printer-like devices. 0x08  USB mass adapter ethernet usb wireless storage device class used for flash drives, portable hard drives, memory card readers, air2net bluetooth wireless usb adapter digital cameras, digital audio players etc. This amcom air2net wireless bluetooth usb adapter device class presents the device as a download adfuud sys file for usb mass storage device block device (almost always used to store a file system). 0x09  USB hubs. 0x0A  USB communications device class free motorola software usb driver cell phone used for modems, network cards, ISDN connections, Fax. 0x0E  USB video device class, webcam-like devices, motion image capture devices. 0xE0  Wireless controllers, for example Bluetooth dongles. 0xFF  Custom device class usb pinout - used to establish that a device or interface does usb to pcmcia adapter not support any standard device class and requires usb to two serial port custom drivers. USB signaling USB signaling Pin numbers 2 wire wireless usb adapter (looking at socket): Pin assignments[1] Pin Function   1 VBUS (4.75–5.25 volts)   2 D−   3 D+   4 GND   Shell Shield USB signals belkin wireless usb adapter are transmitted on a twisted pair of data cables, belkin wireless usb network adapter drivers labelled D+ and D−. These collectively use half-duplex differential signaling to combat the effects of electromagnetic noise connect printer to wireless network usb on longer lines. D+ and D− operate together; they are not separate simplex connections. Transmitted dlink wireless usb adapter signal levels are ethernet usb port 0.0–0.3 volts for low and 2.8–3.6 volts for high. Transfer speed USB supports three data rates. A Low Speed rate ethernet usb wireless printer adapter of 1.5 Mbit/s (183 KiB/s) that is mostly used for logitech cordless usb mouseman optical wireless mouse Human Interface Devices (HID) such as keyboards, mice, and joysticks. A Full Speed rate of 12 Mbit/s (1.5 MiB/s). Full Speed sandisk 512mb usb 2.0 mp3 player w/voice recorder blue was the fastest rate before the USB us robotics usb wireless adapter 2.0 specification and many devices fall back to Full Speed. Full Speed devices usb 2 wireless adapter networking wu830g divide the USB bandwidth between them in a first-come first-served basis usb flashdrive and it is not uncommon to run out of bandwidth with several isochronous devices. All USB Hubs support Full usb optical mouse Speed. A Hi-Speed rate of usb wireless card 480 Mbit/s (57 MiB/s). Though Hi-Speed devices are commonly referred to as "USB 2.0", not all USB 2.0 devices are Hi-Speed. A USB device should specify the wireless g usb adapter speed it will use by correct labeling on the box it came wireless printer usb in or sometimes on the device itself. The USB-IF certifies devices 80211b wireless network usb adapter and provides licenses to adapter installed usb wireless before software use special marketing logos for either "Basic-Speed" (low and full) or High-Speed after passing a compliancy test audrey driver for wireless usb network adapter and paying a licensing fee. All devices are tested according to the latest spec, so recently-compliant Low Speed devices are belkin usb ethernet wireless also 2.0. Hi-Speed devices should fall back to microsoft broadband networking wireless g usb adapter the slower data rate of Full Speed when plugged into a Full Speed motorola nextel i730 i830 i860 usb data cable with software hub. Hi-Speed hubs have a special function called the Transaction Translator that segregates usb adaptor 9 pin serial port Full Speed and Low Speed bus traffic from Hi-Speed traffic. The usb ethernet Transaction Translator in a Hi-Speed hub (or possibly each port depending on the electrical design) usb serial port adaptor will function as a completely separate Full usb wireless adapter microsoft Speed bus to Full Speed and Low Speed devices attached to it. This segregation is for bandwidth only; bus wireless g usb 20 adapter rules about power and hub depth still apply. A hub will have one or more Transaction wireless optical usb scroll mouse wcharger Translators and there is no standard way to determine the number of transaction translators a hub may have. wireless usb adapter g All low wireless usb upgrade for printer and full speed devices connected to one transaction translator will share adapter g usb wireless the low/full speed bandwidth. This means that hubs can have dramatically different performance adapter son installed usb wireless depending upon the number of transaction translators and the devices plugged into their ports. e.g. a hi-speed 7 port hub with only 1 transaction dbt 120 personalair wireless usb adapter bluetooth translator with 7 low/full speed devices plugged in, dell laptop keyboard usb port will act no differently than a USB 1.1 hub and all devices compete for the same low/full ibook usb wireless network adapter speed bandwidth. If the hub were to have a transaction translator microsoft wireless optical desktop pro keyboard mouse usb for each of the seven ports, then each device would have all serial port usb the full/low speed bandwidth available to it smc wireless usb adapter g rebate and would only compete for the hi-speed bandwidth, which is much greater. [1] Data encoding The USB standard uses the NRZI system to encode data, usb christmas tree and uses bit stuffing usb compact flash card reader for logic 1 transmission more than five bits long (put 0 logic after five bits of usb hid to serial port logic 1). NRZI (non-return to zero, inverted) encoding method does not usb net phone change the signal for transmission of a logic 1, but the signal level is inverted for usb port serial each change to a logic 0. Mini-USB signaling USB Mini-A, and -B plugs showing pin numbers (not to scale) Mini-A plug (left), Mini-B plug (right) Mini USB connector wireless network usb adapter pinout Pin Function 1 VBUS (4.4–5.25 V) 2 D− 3 D+ 4 ID 5 Ground Most of the pins wireless networks ethernet usb of a Mini-USB connector are the same as those in a standard USB connector, except bluetooth edr usb dongle pin 4. Pin 4 is called "ID" and, in the Mini-A connector, is connected to ground, but in the Mini-B convert usb printer wireless is not connected. This causes a device supporting USB On-The-Go d link 80211g usb wireless network router adapter kit (with a Mini-AB socket) to initially act as firewire to usb cable host when connected to a USB Mini-A connector (the "A" end of a flash usb drive Mini-A–Mini-B cable). The Mini-A connector also has an additional piece of plastic inside to prevent insertion into a slave-only (B-only) device. USB connectors Clip art image hi speed usb host controller of a connector There are several types of USB connectors, and some motorola cellular phone v180 usb driver have been added as the specification has progressed. From the original USB parallel to usb specification: Series “A” plug Series “A” receptacle Series “B” plug Series “B” receptacle Added in USB 2.0 specification: Mini-B plug Mini-B receptacle Added robotics usb wireless adapter in the On-The-Go Supplement to the USB 2.0 Specification: Mini-A plug (white) Mini-A receptacle (white) Mini-AB receptacle (grey) Adapters, serial to usb also sharing ip bewteen usb wireless and ethernet card from the On-The-Go Supplement to the USB 2.0 Specification (Note that no other adapters are allowed.): Mini-A receptacle to Standard-A plug Standard-A receptacle sitecom wireless usb adapter driver to Mini-A plug Cables have only sony memory stick usb connection plugs, and hosts and devices have only receptacles. Hosts have type-A receptacles and syntax usb wireless lan adapter devices, if they have receptacles, have type-B. Type-A plugs only mate with type-A receptacles, and type-B with type-B. The On-the-Go usb controller supplement allows a product to be either host or device, with a Mini-AB receptacle that accepts either usb gadgets a Mini-A plug or a Mini-B plug. Mini-A, usb irda infrared mini wireless external adapter Mini-B, and Mini-AB connectors are identified easily by color. The usb mass storage driver plastic inside Mini-A plugs and receptacles is always white, that in Mini-B connectors black, and that usb phone voip in Mini-AB receptacles grey. There is a usb serial port driver limited set of cables allowed by the USB specification. Cables fall into two categories — “detachable” and “captive”. usb to serial adaptor For purposes of the specification, “captive” includes any cable with a custom connector on the usb wireless antenna device end. Any captive cable has only a type-A plug, either usb wireless keyboard and mouse Standard-A or Mini-A. Any detachable USB cable has one type-A connector (either Standard-A or Mini-A) and one type-B connector (either wireless usb network adapter Standard-B or Mini-B). Detachable USB cable types: Standard-A plug to Standard-B plug Standard-A plug to Mini-B wireless usb network adapter linksys configuire how plug Mini-A plug 5 port usb firewire i link pci card to Standard-B plug Mini-A plug to Mini-B plug Any cable with a receptacle or with adapter belkin network usb wireless two “A” or two “B” connectors is, by definition, not USB. However, many cable manufacturers adapter wusb11 linux with linksys usb wireless network make and sell USB-compatible (yet not strictly conforming) extension cables with a Standard-A plug on one end and linksys wireless usb network adapter problems windows xp Standard-A receptacle on one end. Cables modem usb wireless with two type A or even two type B plugs are availible from more specialist suppliers. Note that only motorola v220 usb cell phone driver “full-speed” and “high-speed” devices use detachable cables. Compliant "Low-speed" devices netgear ma111 802 11b wireless usb adapter only use captive cables because the low-speed specification does not allow for the electrical characteristics of standard detachable network printer usb wireless USB cables. The Mini-A, Mini-B, and Mini-AB connectors are used for smaller devices such smc wireless usb adapter g as PDAs, mobile phones or digital cameras. The Series “A” usb connectors plug is approximately 4 by 12 mm, the Series “B” approximately 7 by 8 mm, and usb data cable cell phone software the Mini-A and Mini-B plugs approximately 3 usb mass storage device driver by 7 mm. The connectors which the USB committee specified were designed to support a number of USB's underlying goals, and to reflect lessons usb to 4 port serial learned from the varied menagerie of connectors then in service. In particular: The connectors are usb to serial port designed to be robust. Many previous connector designs were fragile, usb to serial port connector with pins or other delicate components prone to bending or breaking, even with usb wireless keyboard mouse the application of wireless compact usb adapter only very modest force. The electrical contacts in a USB connector are protected by an adjacent plastic wireless usb adapter mac tongue, and the entire connecting assembly is further protected by an enclosing metal sheath. As a result USB connectors can safely adapter memory sony stick usb be handled, are charging usb phone cables safe inserted, and removed, even by a small child. The encasing sheath and the tough moulded plug body mean that a connector can be dropped, belkin usb wireless adapter stepped upon, even crushed or struck, all without damage; a considerable best usb serial port adapter degree of force is needed to significantly damage a USB connector. It is camera usb wireless difficult to incorrectly attach a USB connector. d link wireless usb adapter driver Connectors cannot be plugged-in upside down, and it is clear from the appearance and dell 128 mb usb flash memory key storage drivers kinesthetic sensation of making a connection when the plug and socket are correctly mated. However, it is not obvious hi-speed usb host controller at a glance to the inexperienced user (or to a user linux usb without sight of the installation) which way round a connector goes, so it is often necessary microsoft wireless usb adapter to try both motorola usb drivers ways. The connectors are particularly cheap to manufacture. The connectors enforce the directed topology of a USB network. USB does optical wireless mouse usb not support cyclical networks, so the connectors from incompatible USB devices are themselves incompatible. Unlike other serial usb port communications systems (e.g. RJ-45 cabling) sony t610 usb bluetooth wireless adapter gender-changers are never used, making it difficult to create a cyclic USB network. A moderate insertion/removal force is specified. USB cables usb 2.0 video and audio adapters and small USB devices are held in place by the gripping force from the receptacle (without the need usb fax modem for the screws, clips, or thumbturns other connectors require). usb file transfer The force needed to make or break a connection is modest, allowing connections usb linux to be made in awkward circumstances or by those usb printer cables with motor disabilities. The connector construction always ensures that the external sheath on the plug contacts with its counterpart in the receptacle usb wireless adapter networking wu830g before the four connectors usb wireless adaptor within are connected. This sheath is typically connected to the system ground, allowing otherwise damaging static charges to be safely discharged by wireless usb 20 adapter this route (rather than via 54mbps wireless usb adapter delicate electronic components). This means of enclosure also means that there is a (moderate) degree of protection from electromagnetic interference belin hi speed usb 20 5 port pci card afforded to the card network usb wireless USB signal while it travels through the mated connector pair (this is the only dlink usb wireless adapter location when the otherwise twisted data pair must travel a distance in parallel). In addition, the power and common connections are made ethernet print server usb after the system ground but before the data connections. This type of staged failed usb printer install make-break flash memory stick usb xxasdf timing allows for safe hot-swapping and has long been common practice in the design of connectors in the aerospace industry. The USB standard specifies relatively low linksys wireless usb tolerances for compliant USB linksys wireless usb network adapter driver connectors, intending to minimize incompatibilities in connectors produced by different vendors (a goal that has been very successfully achieved). Unlike most other linux netgrar ma111 usb wireless ethernet connector netgear wireless router with usb printer server standards, the USB spec also defines limits to the size of a connecting device in serial to usb converter the area around its plug. This was done to avoid circumstances where a device complied with the connector specification but smc wireless usb adapter its large size blocked adjacent ports. Compliant devices must either fit within the usb barcode scanner size restrictions or support a compliant extension cable which usb phone driver does. (Note that this means a cable provided by the manufacturer of the device, not a generic "USB-compatible extension cable", as, usb serial adapter by definition, USB extension cables usb serial port connector do not exist.) However, the mechanical layer has changed westell wireless network usb adapter in some examples. For example, the IBM UltraPort is a proprietary USB connector located on the top of IBM's laptop LCDs. It uses a wireless b usb adapter different mechanical connector while preserving the USB signaling and wireless usb 11 adapter protocol. Other manufacturers of small items also developed their own small form factor wireless usb camera connector, and a wide variety of these have appeared. For specification purposes, wireless usb network these devices were treated as having a captive cable. An extension to USB called USB On-The-Go allows adapter network usb wireless xxasdf a single port to act airlink awll3025 54mbps wireless g usb 20 adapter as either a host or a device - chosen by which end of the cable plugs into the belkin wireless g usb network adapter software socket on the unit. Even after the cable is hooked up and belkin wireless usb adapter 80211b the units are talking, the two units may "swap" ends under program control. This facility targets units such as cables cell data phone usb PDAs where the USB link might connect to a PC's host port as a cell phone data transfer lg usb sprint pm 325 software device in one instance, yet connecting serial port to usb port connect as a host itself to a keyboard and mouse datapoint cell phone usb tmobile cingular device in another instance. USB On-The-Go has therefore defined two small form factor connectors, the Mini-A and Mini-B, and a universal socket (Mini-AB), which dell usb flash memory driver should stop the proliferation of proprietary designs. Wireless USB is a standard ethernet usb wireless being developed to ethernet usb wireless adapter extend the USB standard while maintaining backwards compatibility with USB 1.1 and USB headset usb wireless 2.0 on the protocol level. The maximum length of a USB cable is 5 linksys instant wireless usb network adapter meters; greater lengths require hubs [2]. Power supply Standard Mac OS X dialog displayed when the 500mA linksys wireless g portable usb adapter limit is exceeded The USB specification provides a 5 V (volts) supply on a single micro innovations usb to serial port wire mini 4 port usb hub from which connected USB devices may draw power. The specification provides for no more than 5.25 V and no less than 4.35 V mobile phone v180 usb driver between the +ve and nec mobilepro 790 usb to serial port adapter -ve bus power lines. Initially a device is only allowed to draw 100 mA. It may request more current from the upstream device in units phone usb of 100 mA up to a maximum of 500 mA. In practice, port usb most ports will deliver the full serial port reroute to usb 500 mA or more before shutting down power, even if the device hasn't requested it or even usb cell phone cables identified itself, but any device that behaves in this way is, usb ethernet wireless by definition, not a USB device. If a (compliant) device requires more power than is available, usb fm transmitter then it cannot operate until the user changes the network (either by usb g wireless adapter rearranging USB connections or by adding external power) to supply the power required. If a bus-powered hub usb port serial port adapter is used, the devices downstream may only use a total of usb powered air darts. four units — 400 mA — of current. This usb serial port adapter wiring limits compliant bus-powered hubs to 4 ports, among other things. Equipment requiring more usb to serial port cable than 500 mA, hubs with more than 4 ports and hubs usb to serial port converter with downstream devices using more than four 100 mA units total must provide their own power. The host operating system typically keeps usb to usb file transfer track usb wireless adapters of the power requirements of the USB network and may warn the computer's operator when a given wireless blue tooth usb adapter segment requires more power than is available. Non-standard A number of devices use wireless router with printer usb this power supply without participating in a proper USB network. The typical example is wireless usb ethernet adapter a USB-powered reading light; fans, battery chargers (particularly for wireless usb network adapter wusb54g mobile telephones) and even miniature vacuum cleaners are also available. In most cases, these 3com wireless bluetooth usb adapter items contain no electronic circuitry, and thus are not proper USB devices at all. This can cause problems with some computers—the adapter d link usb wireless USB specification requires that devices connect adapter g linksys network usb wireless in a low-power mode (100 mA maximum) and state how add usb port to computer much current they need, before switching, with the host's permission, into high-power mode. Some USB devices draw more power than c650 mobile phone usb driver is permitted by the specification for a single port. This can27t install usb printer windows is a common requirement of external hard and optical disc cell phone usb data cable drives and other devices with motors or lamps. Such devices can be used with an external power supply of computer usb to serial port converter adequate rating; some external hubs may, in practice, supply dlink compact high speed 24ghz wireless usb adapter sufficient power. For portable devices where external power is not high speed usb host controller available, but not more than 1 A is required at 5 V, devices may have connectors to allow the use of two how to convert usb to serial port USB cables, doubling available power keyboard protector for dell 128mb usb memory key optiplex but reducing the number of USB ports available to other devices. Amongst others, a number linksys 80211b wireless usb printer server of peripherals for IBM laptops (now made by Lenovo) are designed to use dual USB connections. USB-powered devices attempting linksys wireless g usb network adapter wusb54gs to draw large currents without requesting the power will not work with certain USB controllers, and will either linksys wusb11 wireless b usb network adapter disrupt other devices on the bus or fail motorola wireless usb adapter wu830g to work themselves (or both). Those problems with the serial port usb adaptors abuse of the USB power supply have inspired a number of April Fool hoaxes, like share wireless internet connection with usb data link cable the introduction of a USB-powered George Foreman iGrill [3] and a desktop usb 2.0 pci card USB Fondue Set [4]. There are also unique and unusual USB-powered devices, such as food drives, coffee warmers, BBQs, to lifestyle accessories usb internet phone and more. There are even usb kvm switch for wireless mouse and keyboard pages that have a listing of their top 10 USB usb midi cable devices. USB compared to other standards Storage A Flash usb storage devices Drive, a typical USB mass-storage device USB implements connections to storage devices using a set of standards called the usb to parallel USB mass-storage device class. This was initially intended usb wireless adapter card drivers and linux for traditional magnetic and optical drives, but has been extended to support usb wireless ethernet adapter a wide variety of devices. USB is not intended to be a primary bus for a computer's internal storage: buses such wireless keyboard trackball combo usb as ATA (IDE), Serial ATA (SATA), and SCSI fulfill that role. However, USB wireless optical usb mouse has one important advantage in making it possible to install and wireless security camera usb remove devices without opening the computer case, making wireless usb adaptor it useful for external drives. Today, a number wireless usb upgrade printer of manufacturers offer external, portable USB hard drives, or empty enclosures for drives, that offer performance comparable to internal drives. These external drives usually contain a 1gb 2 0 memory stick usb translating device adapter compact usb wireless that interfaces a drive of conventional technology (IDE, ATA, SATA, ATAPI, or even SCSI) to adapter microsoft usb wireless a USB port. Functionally, the drive appears to the user adapter network usb wireless just like another internal drive. Human-interface devices (HIDs) USB-to-PS/2 adaptor for a mouse As of apple compatible usb wireless adapter 2006, most PCs and motherboards have at least two USB ports, but still belkin usb wireless retain PS/2 keyboard and mouse connectors. belkin wireless usb AT keyboard connectors are less frequently found. Motherboards for non-portable PCs usually have a cell phone usb data cables number of USB 2.0 high-speed ports, some available at the back of the computer case, others requiring USB sockets on the front digital camera usb cable or rear of the driver ethernet usb computer to be connected via a cable to a header on the motherboard. Joysticks, keypads, tablets and other human-interface devices are also fax modem usb progressively firelite portable usb hard drive power adaptor cord buy migrating from MIDI, PC game port, and PS/2 connectors to USB. Mice and keyboards are frequently fitted with USB firewire to usb connectors, but are generally supplied with a small USB-to-PS/2 adaptor so that they can netgear ma111 80211b wireless usb adapter pc be used with either USB or PS/2 ports. Apple computers have exclusively used USB for all wired mice and keyboards networking wireless ethernet cards usb adapters since nextel i730 usb data cable cd January 1999. Apple wireless mice and keyboards have always used the Bluetooth standard. FireWire USB was originally seen as a complement to FireWire (IEEE pci vs usb wireless network adapter 1394), which was designed as a high-speed reroute serial port to usb serial bus which could efficiently interconnect peripherals such as hard disks, audio interfaces, and serial port to usb connector video equipment. USB originally operated at a far lower data rate and used much simpler hardware, and serial port to usb port was suitable for small peripherals such as keyboards and mice. However, FireWire ports were more sony 128mb usb 20 micro vault with memory stick costly to implement than USB ports, in part due to sony msac us1 usb memory stick reader their per-port license fee (between 75 cents and usb adapter internet wireless signal help $1.50 in bulk licenses(dubious assertion—see talk page) ), and the more complex circuitry the controller required. As a usb cables surge protection patch cables omniview result, they were rarely provided usb controller driver as standard equipment on computers other than Apple Macintosh computers (Apple owns rights to the FireWire standard), and peripheral manufacturers usb data cable motorola nextel i730 i830 i860 software offered many more USB devices. The introduction of USB 2.0 Hi-Speed, with its usb extension widely advertised 480 Mbit/s usb phone adapter signaling rate, convinced many consumers that FireWire was outdated (although this was not necessarily the case; see USB 2.0 usb to rs232 cable Hi-Speed vs FireWire below. This comparison deals usb video card with Macs, not PCs). An example of how the popularity of USB displaced usb wireless headset FireWire in a commercial device is the Apple iPod. It was originally released with a FireWire connector, which windows 98 memory stick driver gateway usb flash stick was eventually modified to allow for either USB or FireWire wireless g usb network adapter wusb54g connections due to the lack of built-in FireWire ports on the non-Apple computers of the wireless networks with ethernet and usb day. The iPod now relies solely on USB for data and only allows a FireWire wireless optical notebook mouse usb connection to charge the battery. Today, USB Hi-Speed is rapidly replacing FireWire in consumer products. FireWire retains its popularity in 2wire adapter usb wireless many adapter g network usb wireless professional settings, where it is used for audio and video transfer, and data storage. Technical differences The most significant technical differences between adapter mac usb wireless FireWire and USB include the following: USB networks anypoint wireless home network mbps usb adapter use a tiered-star topology, while FireWire networks use a repeater-based topology. USB uses a "speak-when-spoken-to" protocol; peripherals cannot communicate with the host unless the cell phone accessories lg g4011 usb cable host specifically requests communication. A FireWire device can communicate with any other node cell phone usb driver at d link wireless usb adapter any time, subject to network conditions. A USB network relies on a single host at the top of the tree to control the network. In a flash media 6 in 1 pocket drive usb 2 0 FireWire network, any capable node free usb file transfer software can control the network. These and other differences reflect the differing design goals of the two buses: USB lg cdma usb modem driver was designed for simplicity and low cost, while FireWire was designed for high performance, particularly in time-sensitive linksys wireless usb network adapter applications such as audio and video. USB 2.0 Hi-Speed vs FireWire The signaling rate of USB 2.0 Hi-Speed mode is linux howto configure usb serial port 480 megabits per second, while the signaling rate of FireWire 400 mobile phone v220 usb accessories uk (IEEE 1394a) is 393.216 Mbit/s [5]. USB requires motorola wireless usb adapter more host processing power than FireWire due to the need for the host to provide the arbitration and net phone usb scheduling of transactions. USB transfer rates are theoretically higher than FireWire serial port to usb connect due to the need for FireWire devices to arbitrate for bus access. A single FireWire device may achieve a transfer sharing ip bewteen usb wireless ethernet card rate for FireWire 400 as high as 41 MB/s. While for USB skype usb phone 2.0 the rate can theoretically be 55 MB/s (for a single device). In a multi device environment stick usb FireWire rapidly loses ground to USB: FireWire's mixed speed networks and long usb adapter xp communicating modem wireless connection chains dramatically affect its performance. The peer usb amplifier to peer nature of FireWire requires devices to arbitrate, which means a FireWire bus must usb audio interface wait until a given signal has propagated to all devices on the bus. The more devices on usb cell phone the bus the lower the peak performance. Conversely, for USB the maximum usb flash memory sticks timing model is fixed and is limited only by the host-device usb gps receiver branch (not the entire network). Furthermore, the host-centric nature of USB allows the host to allocate more usb kvm switch wireless mouse keyboard bandwidth to high usb to serial cable priority devices instead of forcing them to compete for bandwidth as in Firewire. Despite all this and despite USB's theoretically higher speed, usb voip internet phone in real life benchmarks the actual wireless security camera usb receiver speed of FireWire hard drives nearly always beats USB 2 hard drives by a significant margin (for example[6]). In 1 gigabyte usb memory stick addition to this some operating systems take a conservative approach to scheduling transactions 2 82801 db dbm intel r usb and limit the number of transfers per belkin f5d6050 wireless usb network adapter frame, reducing the maximum transfers from, say, the theoretical 13 per frame to 10 belkin wireless 80211b usb adapter or 9. However, on Bare Feats, the Mac only USB 2.0 vs. FireWire speed comparison, the poster notes the measured PC cell phone usb cable speed of USB 2.0 edge memory usb memory stick reader photob00006hxf6 instead of Mac "The Windows PC implementation of USB 2.0 puts the Mac to hp all in one wireless router usb printer port shame. Today we tested the same USB 2.0 drive/enclosure link wireless usb adapter on a Windows PC (3GHz Pentium 4) with built-in USB 2.0 on the motherboard, similar mac ethernet usb pci card to Apple's approach. We measured 33MB/s READ and 27MB/s WRITE." In 2003, FireWire was updated with the IEEE 1394b specification. This provides micro innovations usb serial port a new mode called S800, which operates at 786.432 Mbit/s. S800 requires motorola v220 mini usb mobile phone tools download a new physical layer, but mouse optical usb wireless S800 nodes can be connected to existing FireWire 1394a ports, just as USB Hi-Speed nodes will netgear ma111 802.11b wireless usb adapter operate with older full-speed hosts. However, unlike USB Hi-Speed systems, which netgear wireless usb adapter driver can change the speeds on each branch, a 1394a device on a 1394b system requires all devices to parallel to usb adapter fall to 1394a speeds. IEEE 1394b also provides rates up razr v3c usb driver to approximately 3.2 Gbit/s; however, the higher rates use special physical layers which are incompatible with 1394a sony msac us30 memory stick usb reader writer devices. Version history USB USB 1.0 FDR: Released in November 1995. USB 1.0: Released in sony usb memory stick mouse January 1996. USB 1.1: Released syntax usb 400 wireless lan adapter in September 1998. USB 2.0: Released in April 2000. The major feature of this standard was treiber bafo usb irda wireless infrarot adapter the addition of high-speed mode. This is the current revision. USB 2.0: Revised in December 2002. Added three speed distinctions to usb and wireless adapter and free and rebate this standard, allowing usb bridge all devices to be USB 2.0 compliant even if they were previously considered only 1.1 or 1.0 compliant. This makes the usb can adapter backwards compatibility explicit, but it becomes more difficult to determine usb drivers motorola v180 phone a device's throughput without seeing the symbol. As an example, a computer's port could be incapable of USB 2.0's hi-speed usb port card fast transfer rates, but still claim USB 2.0 compliance (since it supports some of USB 2.0). USB On-The-Go Supplement USB On-The-Go Supplement 1.0: Released in December 2001. USB On-The-Go Supplement 1.0a: Released in June 2003. USB On-The-Go Supplement 1.2: Released in April 2006. This is the current revision. Wireless USB Released on May 12, 2005. Wireless USB uses UWB (Ultra Wide Band) as the radio technology. Extensions to USB The PictBridge standard allows for interconnecting consumer imaging devices. It typically uses USB as the underlying communication layer. Microsoft's original Xbox game console uses standard USB 1.1 signaling in its controllers, but features a proprietary connector rather than the standard USB connector. With the introduction of the newer Xbox 360 model, Microsoft switched to the standard USB 2.0 connector. Similarly, IBM UltraPort uses standard USB signaling, but via a proprietary connection format. Powered USB uses standard USB signaling with the addition of extra power lines for point-of-sale terminals. The USB Implementers Forum is working on a wireless networking standard based on the USB protocol. Wireless USB is intended as a cable-replacement technology, and will use Ultra-Wideband wireless technology for data rates of up to 480 Mbit/s. Wireless USB is well suited to wireless connection of PC centric devices, just as Bluetooth is now widely used for mobile phone centric personal networks (at much lower data rates). See http://www.usb.org/developers/wusb/ for more details. A company called Fiberbyte has developed an open industry software specification called USB-inSync, which allows real-time control of multiple USB devices. The standard USB interface is asynchronous, which leads to poor control of temporal parameters. See http://www.fiberbyte.com/usbinsync.htm for more details. Communication with USB devices Communication between software and USB devices usually depends upon the operating system and the language you choose. One exception is the libusb project, which provides a common library interface for use under multiple operating systems. Communication from the Linux OS General - http://www.linux-usb.org/ Java - The jUSB project provides a Free Software (and Open Source) Java API for USB, supporting applications using Java host-side software to drive USB devices. This API is limited to Linux. Communication from the Mac OS General - Apple has this page on General Mac USB Development Java - No info is available on this combination. Communication from the Solaris Operating Environment General - Sun has this page on General Solaris USB Development Java - No info is available on this combination. Communication from the Windows OS General - USBIO has commercial C++ drivers for USB communication on Windows from C & C++. Their COM interface allows for Delphi, C# and VB development. Java development is possible via JNI. General - libusb-win32 is a Windows port of the multi-platform libusb libraries and also allows writing USB drivers in user space. Java - Mike Stahl started work on this combination in 2003. The usb.windows package has a partial Windows implementation of a usb.core.Host object, bootstrapping support, and other classes leveraging Windows USB support. It appears that no work has been done on this package since 2003, so it may be abandoned. MS-DOS Applications - The Database Managers, Inc. provides instructions for connecting an MS-Dos application to a printer that uses a USB Port on Windows 2000. The techniques also apply to computers running the Windows XP operating system. Communication from the Amiga OS General - Poseidon are commercial drivers for USB Communication from embedded systems Embedded systems can use either a PC-based operating system, or a totally proprietary architecture. USB can be adapted to an embedded system, and has been seen in various appliances, such as stereo systems and PC-less high-capacity storage systems, usually for the purpose of backing up of files without the need of a personal computer. For example, Argosy manufactures a 20GB external USB hard drive device that can connect directly to a digital camera. Other communication options If your Operating System and language combination is not supported, another option is a USB to RS-232 bridge. FTDI Chip provides virtual COM drivers with its chips, to make the USB device look to the host software like a COM (RS-232) port. Alternatively, Microchip offers COM port emulation firmware for their range of USB PIC microcontrollers. See also U3 (for running Microsoft Windows applications from a USB flash drive) USB Flash Drive USB Hub USB Implementers Forum USB streaming For other buses, see: ACCESS.bus FireWire (also known as IEEE 1394, or I.link) PCMCIA Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Serial cable (for RS-232) Wi-Fi External links Wikibooks has more about this subject: Serial Programming:USB Technical Manual Official Home of USB Implementers Forum, Inc., including the USB 2.0 specification Universal Host Controller Interface (UHCI) Technical Information All About USB - a Complete Guide to the Universal Serial Bus USB Central for developers of USB devices and hosts USB Networking Introduction USB Over Network Allows to share and access your USB devices over network or Internet. USB in a NutShell - a primer for developers [7] - Programming Toolkit for USB Developers Embedded USB Stack (Embedded USB-MSD and USB-Bulk Stack for any RTOS) Pinouts for some devices with USB connector or interface What is USB? (PDF) - Short, simple description of USB with good pictures of cable breakdown. DOS USB for DOS UHCI for DOS Linux Linux USB Project, containing much technical information and documentation Linux USB device overview, which contains much more comprehensive information than the Linux USB Project Linux usbmount. Other A Mac USB 2.0 vs. FireWire comparison Speed comparison using Apple drivers for USB 2.0 Search Term: "Universal_Serial_Bus" Categories: Accuracy disputes | Computer buses | USB

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